Erik Berglöf (born 1957) is a Swedish economist, currently the Chief Economist of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the Beijing-based multilateral development bank established in 2016 with a mission to improve social and economic outcomes in Asia. In March 2019 Erik Berglöf was appointed to the European Council's High Level Group of Wise Persons on the European financial architecture for development where Berglöf and eight other economists will suggest changes to the EU's development finance structure. In 2017–2018 Erik Berglöf served on the secretariat of the G20 Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance and on the Governing Board of the Institute for New Economic Thinking in New York.

Currently, Erik Berglöf is also a non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C., Board Member and Research Fellow of the European Corporate Governance Institute in Brussels, and Executive Board Member of the New Economic School in Moscow, research fellow and former programme director at the Centre for Economic Policy Research in London, Trustee of the Bianca Jagger Human Rights Foundation Archived 2020-08-15 at the Wayback Machine and Women for Women International.

From 2015 to 2020 Erik Berglöf served as the inaugural Director of the London School of Economics' (LSE) Institute of Global Affairs (IGA).

From 2006 to 2015 Erik Berglöf was the Chief Economist and special adviser to the president of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the London-based multilateral development bank established in 1991 to lead the economic transformation of the former Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, including the CIS nations.